Nanotechnology is now arguably one of the most active and disruptive areas of science that is affecting various fields from medicine, and electronics, and energy, to food, agriculture, and environmental science. As nanotechnology allows for the creation of material and substances by manipulating matter at the atomic and molecular level, there are growing possibilities and opportunities within all sectors.
What Is Nanotechnology?
Nanotechnology encompasses the science and engineering ability to design, make, and use structures, devices and systems by manipulating atoms and molecules at the nanoscale (generally nanometer size which is typically in the range of 1 – 100 nanometers [nm]), which we know that 1 nm is a billionth of a meter.Nanoscale materials may have intrinsic properties (physical, chemical, and biological), which can differ significantly from that of the same materials in larger form in the product system. Nanoscale materials differentiated by having a high surface-to-volume ratio and a quantum effect may become significantly present when scaled to the nanoscale.
Nanotechnology should provide unique materials and devices (with a “responsible” [or responsible] product/goods development), and unique properties for applications in medical, electronics, energy, environmental protection, and manufacturing. For example, a nanomaterial may be stronger, lighter, have greater chemical reactivity, or be a more effective heat or electrical conductor than the same material in larger form.
There are two main approaches in nanotechnology:
1. Bottom-up :- Building materials and devices atom by atom or molecule by
2. Top-down :- molecule Reducing larger structures down to the nanoscale without atomic-level control.
Bottom-Up Approach :-
Bottom-up approaches in nanotechnology, also referred to as molecular manufacturing or molecular assembly, are methods of fabricating nanostructures by assembling them atom by atom or molecule by molecule, compared to the top-down approach that starts with an existing piece of material, then breaks it down. Instead of cutting, grinding or crushing to create the nanostructure, chemsist and material agents will assemble materials through chemical or physical forces at the nanoscale to build complex nanoscale materials and devices from the very smallest building blocks.
Top-Down Approach :-
The top-down strategy in nanotechnology is a way to make nanoscale materials and systems by starting with bulk materials and reducing them into smaller nanoparticles and nanostructures. The subtractive process reduces the given material to the nanoscale and is generally in the range of 1 to 100 nanometers, with the material reduced using various physical, mechanical, or other techniques.
How Nanotechnology is Useful Today
Nanotechnology has already made progress in several areas:
Medicine: The use of nanotechnology, nanoparticles, or nanomaterials can create a drug delivery system that can target sick or diseased cells (i.e., cancer) without affecting the surrounding healthy tissue. In addition to drug delivery, nanotechnology will develop techniques for alternative diagnostics and improved regenerative medicine.
Electronics: Nanotechnology continues to allow processors and memory chips to be built smaller and faster with less energy use.
Energy: Nanomaterials will help improve energy storage capacity for batteries, improve solar energy, and foster more efficient and cleaner energy sources.
Consumer Products: Nanotechnology is not new in the world of consumer products given that technology is used in everyday products such as scratch-resistant glass, stain resistant fabrics from product manufacturers, and coatings for furniture, cars, and materials.
Environmental: Nanotechnologies can use innovation of water purification and air filtration, among other environmental applications, to address global environmental problems and pollution.
Agricultural: Nanoparticles can provide fertilizers and pesticides more efficiently and thus even improve the frequency of waste and plant performance.
Space: Nanomaterials can provide lighter and more robust parts used to create rockets and other types of space vehicles and thus significantly reduce the cost of space exploration and increase space exploration opportunities.
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